Cognate words are the Greek ἀγκύλος (ankylοs), meaning "crooked, curved," and the English word " ankle". The word angulus is a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin. The word angle comes from the Latin word angulus, meaning "a corner". On another type of plane where a hyperbola provides the standard of direction, the measure of an interval on the hyperbola is called hyperbolic angle. In fact, an angle is frequently viewed as a measure of an circular arc. Angles are usually presumed to be in a Euclidean plane with the circle taken for standard with regard to direction. In the normal weight range also, the AP angle decreases, contrasting with our previous findings in obese adolescents, in which the AP angle increases with the severity of obesity.In geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle. We conclude that the normal AP angle does not depend on sex however, it tends to decrease with stature, and chronological and bone ages.
In this study, we propose that the AP angle should be considered to be normal if it varies between 148 and 155. When chronological and bone ages were divided into intervals, a significant reduction of the AP angle was observed only in patients older than 14 years compared with those younger than 10 years of age. No significant correlation with the pubertal stage was found. Only a tendency toward an inverse correlation with weight (r=-0.27) or body mass index (r=-0.26) was observed. A weak inverse correlation was also found with stature (r=-0.33).
We observed an inverse correlation of the AP angle with chronological age (r=-0.57) and bone age (r=-0.52). The AP angle was evaluated according to sex, chronological age, bone age, weight, height, and pubertal stage of development. No difference was observed in the AP angle in males when compared with females. The limits for the first (p25) and third (p75) quartiles were 148 and 155, respectively. The mean (SD) AP angle was 151.2 (5.0), ranging from 140 to 164. To establish normal reference values of the Southwick's AP angle, we studied 97 normal nonobese adolescents (42 females, 55 males), with ages ranging between 8 and 16 years.
Measurement of the Southwick's anteroposterior (AP) angle (shaft epiphysis proximal femoral AP angle) is not only a useful tool for planning the surgical treatment of deformities caused by slipped capital femoral epiphysis, but seems to be also important for recognizing the risk of epiphysiolysis development in obese patients (increased AP angle) or to confirm the diagnosis of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (decreased AP angle).
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